Classification of Proteinuria

The composition of Proteinuria can be divided into some types:


1. Albumin, accounts for 1/3 is from plasma protein.


2. Smaller than the albumin molecular weight of protein, such as light chain of myohemoglobin, β2-microglobulin, immune globulin and small amount enzymes comes from blood, such as Lysozyme, Amylase, Lactic Dehydrogenase, etc.


3. Tissue proteins, which is secreted by Urinary System.


When Urinary Protein is over 150mg/24h, we call it Proteinuria. According to the origin of Urine Protein and formative mechanism of Proteinuria, Proteinuria can be divided into six kinds:


First, is Glomerular Proteinuria: because of damaged Glomerular Filtration Membrane, increased sizes of apertures, or due to reduction and vanish of negative charges on glomerular capillary wall, filtration barrier loses the function of static barrier. Plasma protein, especially large amount of Albumins enter Bowman's capsule, which exceeds reabsorption function from proximal tubule to protein and forms Proteinuria, it is called Glomerular Proteinuria. The feature gives priority to rising Albumin, which accounts for above 70% with normal or tiny increased β2-microglobulin; when Glomerular Filtration Barrier is severely damaged with expanding and increasing filter membrane gap, large molecular weight protein, such as excretion of Immunoglobulin G will also increase.


Tubular Proteinuria: because of kidney tubules damage caused by kidney tubules inflammation and poisoning, micro-molecular protein of Glomerular filtration can not be fully absorbed by kidney tubules and form Proteinuria, which is called Tubular Proteinuria. Protein in urine gives priority to increasing of β2-microglobulin, Lysozyme and other micro-molecular protein. Normal or tiny increased albumin. Discharge rate of Urine Protein everyday is generally less than 1g.


Histic Proteinuria: during the course of urine formation, protein which caused by kidney tubules metabolism as well as damage and degradation of nephridial tissue, and the excretion by stimulation of inflammation or medicine to urinary system go into terminal urine, this kind of urine called Histic Proteinuria. Its protein test usually appears +-/+ with urinary protein is 0.15--1.0g/24h.


Overflow Proteinuria: functions of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption are normal, but because increasing of unusual protein in blood, these micro-molecular protein can be filtered through glomerulus, with increasing of spillage, kidney tubules can not absorb these protein, so Proteinuria occurs, which is called Overflow Proteinuria. Its protein test usually appears+--++, light chain and Bence-Jones protein can be examined from urine, or it contains hemosiderin and appears positive reaction.


Mixed Proteinuria: both Glomerulus and kidney tubules are all damaged, small and medium molecular weight protein in urine are all increase.


False Proteinuria: Urinary Tract disease of kidney can cause large amount of pus, blood, mucus and other substances which contain protein, Urine Protein may appear positive, it is called False Proteinuria.

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The Pathogeny of Urine Protein

Physiological Proteinuria can commonly be seen after high protein diet intake, psychokinesia, strenuous exercises, chilling for a long time, pregnancy etc will cause temporal Proteinuria, with which the Urine Protein Qualitative is less than +.


In general, continuous Proteinuria often represents kidney disease. The amount of Urine Protein reflects the degree of lesion, and people can observe according to its efficacy clinically. However, in particular, to the end stage of glomerular abnormalities, because large amount of damaged nephrons, the leaching of protein reduces, which is not mean to lighten kidney disease.


Proteinuria caused by the reasons besides kidney disease


Most of Proteinuria caused by the reasons besides kidney disease is benign; Proteinuria may vanish after other diseases are cured.


Hot Proteinuria


When patients with the fever caused by cold reaching up above 38℃, Proteinuria will occur.


Stand Proteinuria.


The occurrence of Proteinuria caused by forward flexion of spine oppressing the vessels of kidney of young people, which may disappear around 30 years old of the people without treatment.


Cyanotic kidney


People with renal venous stasis, such as heart failure will appear Urine Protein. However, it will vanish after disappearing of blood stasis.


Proteinuria caused by kidney diseases


It is obvious that people with kidney disease always appear urine protein after urine routine.


Nephritis


It can be divided into Acute Nephritis and Chronic Nephritis.


Nephrotic Syndrome


The protein from urine will decrease the density of protein. In addition, it is also caused by other conditions, such as Diabetic Nephropathy, Amyloidosis, collagen disease etc.


Nephrosclerosis


Nephrosclerosis caused by Essential Hypertension has less urine volume, which is mostly less than 300mg.


In addition, Multiple Myeloma, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Rheumatic Arthritis, Gout, Edema as well as Mercurialism and lead poisoning will cause Urine Protein.

Is Kidney Transplant the only Treatment for Renal Failure

At present, dialysis and kidney transplant are the most common treatment methods for Renal failure. Yes, dialysis and kidney transplant are really very important treatment for patients of renal failure, and kidney transplant has solved the life of many patients or at least it prolongs the life of the patients to some extent. While, is kidney transplant the only treatment for renal function?

For patients with rather poor renal function, kidney transplant may be the best choice for them if they are suitable for this operation and don’t have the contraindications for kidney transplant. Although, at present, babies of several months and elder people of eighty can adopt kidney transplant, the more suitable age for the operation is 13 to 60 years old considering the effects and recovery for the operation. Of course, if the patients’ condition is allowable, this limitation can be extended properly. But when the patients are older than 55 years, the complications of the operation will increase and the risk will increase. For the patients with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, they need to take treatment for them. And after one month after the recovery of the liver function the patients can adopt kidney transplant. And patients with the following disease are not suitable for kidney transplant: mental disease, chronic respiratory function failure, heart failure, coagulation system disorders and so on. Besides, patients with serious coronary disease or some kinds of nephritis and patients with serious polycystic kidney disease accompanied with serious polycystic liver disease need to be cautious for the kidney transplant.



Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy. The adoption of Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy effectively protects kidney function from further decline, and creates a favorable environment for damaged cells’ self-repairing, but the recovering of cells by Chinese medicine is relatively fragile and slow. Then stem cell works in two aspects, A) help with repairing damages of other body parts (like blood vessel damages), and this consolidates the favorable environment for damaged cells self-repairing. B). help with repairing these damaged kidney cells, and provide them with necessary materials. Based on restoring functions of damaged cells, the overall kidney function can enjoy an improvement, but his improvement extent is not satisfying, and especially for end stage kidney failure patients.

Live with Kidney Transplant

How long people live with kidney transplant mainly depends on matching quality, the age of donator and working efficiency chance of transplanted kidney.

Matching quality


The key to long-time live is from a kidney which is closest with your blood and tissue, that is expected to the least rejection from you own body. The closer the relation between donator and receptor, the better the matching quality. Generally, kidney from living donators lasts longer than that from dead ones. Therefore the best choice for long-term working of transplanted kidney is from your biological family members, then others who are willing to offer his or her organ, and eventually deceased.

Age of donator


New discovery reveals that kidney transplant lifespan depends on more donator’s age than receptor’s age. For the reason that, aging and renal aging are associated with changes in the genes expressed in the body, and that process of change is lifelong and that a possible new target in improving graft survival should include looking at strategies that may alter programmed aging in donor transplanted kidneys.

Working chance of donated kidney


Working efficiency chance of donated kidney at the set time point is another factor which affects the lifespan with kidney transplant. Here a chart for your reference.

Working efficiency chance	years after transplant
90%	one year
60%	five years
50%	ten years

Form this view, younger patients may need twice or more times of kidney transplant. If the kidneys they received fail, they need to restart their dialysis and go back to waiting list.

Each year the number in waiting list grows in a large degree and many patients who have registered for kidney transplant passed away during their waiting for donator. So patients who are undergoing long-term waiting are advised to look for effective therapies to repair their renal function. As long as you still remain renal function, namely you can perform urination, there is hope for your remedy.

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Can Patients with FSGS Drink Alcohol

For many people, drinking alcohol is a pleasure in their life. However, for the patients with FSGS, they are generally not recommended to drink alcohol for it may cause the following impacts on them.

1. For the patients on medications, alcohol can complicate how medications work. They should check with the doctor about drinking alcohol while on medication.

2. Drinking can increase the chance of developing blood pressure. It can accelerate the renal function deterioration rate. If the patients have high blood pressure it can make it harder to keep the blood pressure controlled.

3. Large amount of alcohol consumption can cause much damage to heart, thus elevating the risks of developing heart failure which is one of major death causes of FSGS.

4. Alcohol can impair kidney cells directly and increase the risk of needing dialysis for the patients with FSGS.

5. As many patients with FSGS suffer from hyperlipidaemia, the carbohydrate load in alcohol can deteriorate this condition significantly.

6. Drinking alcohol can lower the body's immune system, which makes it easier for the relapse of the disease.

In terms of the impacts on body, the patients with FSGS are not recommended to drink alcohol. If they do this, they should get OK from their doctors firstly.

Apart from abandoning alcohol, the following diet tips also work well in slowing the disease progress.

Low calorie beverages

The beverages plays a role in management of the kidney disease. The patients should limit the fluid intake to prevent retention of fluid so as to relieve swelling. They can drink water, low-fat milk and clear soft drinks and restrict cola soft drinks are rich in phosphoric acid which can elevate phosphorus in blood.

Lean meats

If the patients with FSGS develop renal insufficiency, they should eat 0.6g of protein per kg of body weight each day. As poultry and lean meats are loaded in proteins, the patients should limit its intake to avoid putting additional strain on the kidneys.

Also, the patients should reduce the intake of foods high in phosphorus, sodium.
As the patients' conditions varies from case to case, the patients with FSGS should discuss with their doctor or dietitian before making a kidney diet plan.

Creatinine Level 3.44, What Does It Mean

“My creatinine level is 3.44, what does it mean?” As a lab value, creatinine connects to your muscles and kidneys. What does creatinine speak for your muscle and renal condition?

What is creatinine?

Creatinine, also known as serum creatinine, is the metabolic byproducts of muscles. In normal condition, creatinine should be removed out by kidney which has function to discharge internal toxins. If your creatinine level is higher than normal range, there is something wrong with your muscles or renal function.
What’s the normal range of creatinine level?

A normal range is 0.7 to 1.3 mg/dL for men and 0.6 to 1.1 mg/dL for women. Women usually have lower results, because they have less muscle than men. Besides, reference range varies in different counties and different laboratories.
Lower level of normal range usually means your muscular contraction, such as muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis etc.

Higher level of reference range usually reveals damage to your renal function. Let’s take the level 3.44 for example. You may step into CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) stage III, in which you are experiencing high blood pressure, the increase of PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) and the changes of protein. Renal anemia may be another signal. So you may have risk in the following disease:

Acute tubular necrosis
Diabetic nephropathy
Glomerulonephritis
Kidney failure
Pyelonephritis
Reduced kidney blood flow (shock, congestive heart failure)
Rhabdomyolysis
Urinary tract obstruction
If you are woman, you may undergo
Eclampsia (a condition of pregnancy that includes seizures)
Preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension)

All of these diseases are for your reference. The final diagnosis can’t be made only with creatinine level. If you can provide other reference index, our online staffs are glad to provide exact answer.

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What Are the Common Complications of FSGS

FSGS is commonly seen in both children and adults. It refers to a disorder, in which the filters (glomeruli) in kidneys are inflamed. For long-term use of hormone and cytotoxic agents and kidney damage, the patients with FSGS usually experience a series of complications, as follows:

Infection

Infection is commonly seen in FSGS. Proteins are important nutrients and antibodies in body. For massive protein leakage in FSGS, the levels of IgG and complement proteins decrease. As a result, the immunity weakens thus resulting in high risk of developing infections which can cause the relapse of the disease and even threaten the patients’ life.

Malnutrition

Proteins are the main nutrients and they are the major sources of energy for systemic organs and tissues. The patients with FSGS are very susceptible to the experience malnutrition for protein leakages. If the body can not get sufficient nutrients supply, it can cause amyotrophy and slow down the skeletal development. That is why the children with FSGS are shorter than the healthy children of the same age.

Anemia

Proteins are responsible for carrying iron to every part in body. Due to protein leakages, there is no sufficient iron for transporting iron thus resulting in anemia.

High blood pressure

High blood pressure is a common complication of FSGS. It is mainly attributable to two causes. Firstly, the glomeruli can not discharge excess fluid from body thus resulting in increased blood volume. Secondly, for renal ischemia and anoxia, more angiotensin is produced thus contracting blood vessels.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is commonly seen in FSGS for vitamin deficiency. Vitamin D binds to proteins in blood. Some vitamin D will leak into urine along with proteins.